British Naturalism - Philosophical Concept | Alexandria
British Naturalism, a literary movement flourishing in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, sought to depict human existence with clinical objectivity, portraying individuals as products of their environment and heredity. Often conflated with realism, yet darker in its deterministic outlook, British Naturalism challenged romanticized Victorian narratives. Could reality truly be so bleak, or was this an exaggeration born of societal anxieties?
The seeds of British Naturalism can be traced back to the mid-19th century, reflecting emerging scientific thought. While a specific 'birth date' remains elusive, Thomas Hardy’s novels, such as Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891), are frequently cited as early examples. Hardy meticulously illustrated how social forces and innate predispositions dictated character’s destinies, echoing the growing influence of Darwinism and its impact on Victorian social fabric. The simultaneous rise of industrialism and its attendant social problems provided fertile ground for exploring the darker underbelly of society, further solidifying this perspective.
As the 20th century dawned, British Naturalism diverged, influenced by both European counterparts and uniquely domestic concerns. Figures like George Gissing and Arthur Morrison delved into the despair of urban poverty, while others dissected the psychological impact of societal constraints. The movement’s unflinching portrayal of suffering, though impactful, was not without controversy. Some critics deemed it overly pessimistic, questioning its artistic merit and moral implications. Yet, it undeniably forced a confrontation with uncomfortable truths, changing the landscape of British literature.
British Naturalism's legacy endures, influencing contemporary literature and film that grapple with themes of social inequality, determinism, and the individual's struggle against overwhelming forces. Its unflinching gaze continues to provoke debate, challenging us to examine the extent to which our lives are truly our own, or merely the determined outcome of circumstances beyond our control. How might a re-examination of these narratives help us understand our present moment?