Literary Theory vs. Literary Criticism - Philosophical Concept | Alexandria
Literary Theory and its relationship to Literary Criticism, a domain often shrouded in academic mystique, represents the systematic study of the nature of literature and the methods for analyzing texts. Far from being merely a set of abstract principles, it is the intellectual framework that underpins how we interpret and understand stories, poems, and plays. Though often used interchangeably with "literary criticism," a distinction exists: literary criticism is the application of a theory, while literary theory is a system of principles used to interpret. The common perception that it's an esoteric, inaccessible field obscures its vital role in shaping our cultural understanding and critical thinking.
While tracing the precise genesis of literary theory is difficult, its roots can be found in the rise of formalism and structuralism in the early 20th century, specifically with figures like Ferdinand de Saussure and the Russian Formalists. The term "theory" as applied to literature gained momentum primarily in the latter half of the 20th century. The 1960s, a period of significant social and political upheaval, saw a diversification of theoretical approaches. This era witnessed the rise of structuralism, post-structuralism, feminism, Marxism, and other critical lenses, each offering unique perspectives on the function and meaning of literary texts.
Interpretations of literary theory have evolved dramatically, fueled by intellectual movements and cultural shifts. Figures like Roland Barthes, Jacques Derrida, and Michel Foucault challenged traditional notions of authorship, meaning, and power. The late 20th century saw the emergence of postcolonial studies, queer theory, and critical race theory, broadening the scope of inquiry to encompass marginalized voices and experiences. Each new theory introduced not only novel analytical tools but also sparked debates about the very nature of literature.
Literary theory continues to exert a profound influence. It pervades academic discourse, shaping curricula, research methodologies, and critical practices. Moreover, its principles have spilled over into fields beyond literary studies, informing approaches to film, media, and cultural studies. As contemporary society grapples with issues of identity, power, and representation, literary theory provides invaluable tools for dissecting dominant narratives and unveiling hidden ideologies. Why, then, does literary theory, a field so vital to understanding our world, remain for many a closed book?