Nationalism - Philosophical Concept | Alexandria
Nationalism: A force as old as civilization itself, though its modern guise remains stubbornly elusive, nationalism is the fervent belief that a nation—a group bound by shared traits like language, culture, or history—should govern itself, free from external interference. Often intertwined with patriotism, a simpler love of country, nationalism can be mistaken for mere civic pride. Yet, its intensity and potential for both unity and discord set it apart.
While precursors existed for centuries, the seeds of modern nationalism arguably sprouted during the Enlightenment and the French Revolution (1789-1799). Figures like Jean-Jacques Rousseau, with his theories of the social contract and the general will, laid the philosophical groundwork, even though he didn't explicitly advocate for nationalism as we understand it today. The French Revolution, with its emphasis on popular sovereignty and the idea of the nation as the source of legitimacy, offered a compelling model that echoed across Europe, though earlier examples of group solidarity certainly existed.
The 19th century became nationalism's crucible. Influential thinkers like Johann Gottfried Herder, with his emphasis on the unique spirit (Volksgeist) of each nation, helped to galvanize national movements across Europe. This era witnessed the unification of Italy and Germany, powerful testaments to nationalism's unifying potential, yet also saw the rise of exclusionary ideologies that fueled conflict and oppression. Did the unification of Germany truly represent a triumph of self-determination, or did it sow the seeds of future conflict through its emphasis on a singular German identity? The legacy of figures like Otto von Bismarck remains contested, a testament to nationalism's enduring ambiguity.
Nationalism continues to shape the world, from the resurgence of populist movements to debates over globalization and cultural identity. It is a force both lauded and feared, a source of inspiration and a justification for conflict. Is nationalism a relic of the past, destined to fade in an interconnected world, or will it continue to redefine the boundaries of belonging in the 21st century and beyond?