Smritis - Philosophical Concept | Alexandria
Smritis, literally "that which is remembered," refers to a vast body of post-Vedic Hindu texts, tradition, and knowledge. Often contrasted with Shruti ("that which is heard," referring to the Vedas), Smritis comprise diverse texts considered of human authorship, serving as supplementary sources of dharma, law, conduct, and social norms. Are these texts truly "remembered," or are they active creations, constantly reshaped by societal forces?
The term Smritis, while its exact origins are debated, gained prominence in the late centuries BCE and early centuries CE. Early references can be found within the Brahmanas and early Dharmasutras, hinting at a developing corpus of interpretive traditions alongside the revealed Vedic truths. This era witnessed the rise of new philosophical schools and socio-political shifts in ancient India, the intellectual landscape of the time was rife with debates on the proper interpretation and application of Vedic knowledge. What role did these emerging Smritis play in these discussions, and who were the authors shaping this "remembered" knowledge?
Over centuries, the Smritis evolved, encompassing diverse genres such as the Dharmashastras (law books like the Manusmriti), Itihasas (epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana), Puranas (mythological narratives), and Agamas (treatises on temple construction and rituals). The interpretations of the Smritis have been anything but static. Figures like Adi Shankaracharya and later reformers challenged or reinterpreted certain Smriti passages based on philosophical and ethical grounds. Intriguingly, some Smritis contain contradictory injunctions, raising questions about how authoritative these texts truly are and how individual actors have historically interpreted ambiguous passages relative to lived socio-economic conditions.
Today, the Smritis continue to influence Hindu law, ethics, and cultural practices, although their authority is complex and debated. Modern scholars and practitioners often critically examine the Smritis, reinterpreting them in light of contemporary values and concerns. The enduring appeal and adaptability of Smritis lie in their capacity to both preserve tradition and provide a framework for navigating the complexities of modern life. In a world rapidly changing, how do we balance the "remembered" wisdom of the past with the present need for change and progress?