World Literature vs. National Literature - Philosophical Concept | Alexandria
World Literature vs. National Literature encapsulates the vibrant tension at the heart of Comparative Literature—a field that explores literature beyond national borders, languages, and cultures, challenging the very notion of self-contained literary traditions. Often misunderstood simply as the study of multiple literatures, Comparative Literature, through the lens of World Literature, questions the assumptions shaping our understanding of what constitutes a nation's unique literary identity versus the global currents influencing literary production.
The concept of “Weltliteratur,” or World Literature, first emerged in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's correspondence during the early 19th century. In a letter dated January 31, 1827, Goethe mused on an era of increasing intellectual exchange, foreseeing a future where national literary canons would intertwine and influence one another to form a truly global conversation. This initial vision arose during a period of intense nationalism in Europe, a time when nations were actively constructing distinct cultural identities, adding a layer of complexity to Goethe's seemingly utopian proposal.
Interpretations of World Literature evolved significantly throughout the 20th century. Figures like Erich Auerbach, in his seminal work Mimesis, exemplified this shift by comparing literary representations across different European languages, demonstrating a shared cultural heritage while highlighting unique national characteristics. More recently, theorists like Pascale Casanova have explored the "world republic of letters," examining how literary value is often determined by a global hierarchy, challenging the narratives of national literary exceptionalism. Instances where national literary movements were significantly inspired or altered by foreign literature, such as the impact of Russian Realism on French novels, reveal intricate literary relationships that transcend national boundaries and invite further study.
Today, the dialogue between World Literature and National Literature remains central to understanding cultural exchange, literary value, and the construction of identity. From postcolonial literature challenging Eurocentric perspectives to contemporary works exploring global themes, the influence of this dynamic interplay is undeniable. Does the idea of “national literature” still hold relevance in a globalized world, or is all literature, in some sense, becoming "world literature"? This question continues to fuel debate and inspires critical inquiry into the complex forces shaping our shared literary landscape.