अद्वैत (Advaita) - Philosophical Concept | Alexandria
Advaita, a non-dualistic school of Hindu philosophy, posits the ultimate reality as Brahman, the sole, unchanging, and undifferentiated source of all existence. Is this singularity truly a simple concept, or does its very simplicity conceal profound depths? The seeds of Advaita can be traced back to the Upanishads (c. 800-500 BCE), ancient philosophical texts forming the concluding portions of the Vedas. These texts, particularly the Mandukya Karika of Gaudapada (c. 7th century CE), laid the groundwork for later Advaita thought, although interpretations of their teachings have varied considerably. During this formative period, India witnessed a complex interplay of Vedic traditions, emerging Buddhist philosophies, and diverse regional practices. Debates raged regarding the nature of reality and the path to liberation, setting the stage for the formalization of Advaita Vedanta.
Shankara (c. 8th century CE), often considered the most influential proponent of Advaita, systematized its principles and defended them against rival schools. His commentaries on the Upanishads, Brahma Sutras, and Bhagavad Gita, along with his own compositions, established a rigorous framework for understanding non-duality. Shankara's travels across India and his engagement in public debates shaped the trajectory of Indian philosophy. The subsequent development of Advaita witnessed diverse interpretations, notably through the Bhamati and Vivarana schools, each offering unique perspectives on the nature of illusion (maya) and the relationship between Brahman and the world. These diverging viewpoints underscore the dynamic character of Advaita, suggesting that even within a framework of non-duality, space for nuance and interpretation exists.
Advaita's impact extends beyond intellectual circles. Its teachings on detachment, self-realization, and the illusory nature of suffering have influenced various aspects of Indian art, literature, and ethical frameworks. The ideal of unity permeates spiritual practices and informs social interactions. Even today, Advaita continues to inspire philosophical investigations, interfaith dialogues, and personal spiritual journeys. Contemporary interpretations often explore its relevance to modern science, environmental ethics, and social justice. As society grapples with questions of identity, interconnectedness, and purpose, Advaita's timeless message resonates in fresh and compelling ways, encouraging us to reconsider our fundamental perceptions of self and reality. Has this ancient wisdom found its ultimate expression, or are there yet further depths to uncover within the ocean of non-duality?