Natural Goodness - Classic Text | Alexandria
Natural Goodness, a seminal work by British philosopher Philippa Foot, published in 2001, proposes a return to the Aristotelian concept of ethics rooted in human nature. Far from simply dictating moral obligations, Foot argues that goodness stems from our inherent capacities, flourishing when those capacities function well within a species-specific context. This framework challenges the modern divide between facts and values, suggesting moral evaluations are objective assessments of human flourishing, much like evaluating the health of a plant or animal.
Foot’s argument stands in stark contrast to the prevailing ethical landscape, shaped by figures like Hume who emphasized the separation of 'is' and 'ought.' The roots of this opposition trace back to the Enlightenment's emphasis on individual autonomy and the rejection of traditional authority, including natural law. Foot's bold retrieval of Aristotelian teleology, the idea that things have inherent purposes, presents both a bridge to classical thought and a point of departure for contemporary ethical debates.
The impact of Natural Goodness has been profound, sparking vigorous debate across various philosophical fields. Scholars continue to grapple with Foot's account of practical rationality, the role of virtues, and the implications for issues like abortion and euthanasia. A fascinating, and often underexplored, debate revolves around the question of whether Foot's account of human nature adequately addresses the diversity and cultural variability of human experience. Does the emphasis on species-specific characteristics risk overlooking the profound influence of culture on our moral lives? This continues to be a vital area of inquiry.
The legacy of Natural Goodness extends beyond academia, resonating with renewed interest in virtue ethics and practical wisdom. Foot’s work invites us to reconsider the very foundations of morality, urging a shift from abstract principles to the concrete reality of human flourishing. By suggesting our moral compass is not solely determined by individual choice or societal norms, but rather by the pursuit of our natural ends, Foot provides a framework that continues to inspire critical reflection and ethical engagement in an increasingly complex world. Are we truly free if we neglect the very nature that defines us?