Discourses - Classic Text | Alexandria
Discourses of Epictetus
The Discourses (Diatribai) are a collection of philosophical teachings attributed to the Stoic philosopher Epictetus (c. 50-135 CE), transcribed and compiled by his student Arrian of Nicomedia. Originally comprising eight books, of which only four survive, these teachings represent one of the most profound and influential works of Stoic philosophy, offering practical guidance on living a life of virtue and emotional resilience in the face of adversity.
The texts emerged during a pivotal period in Roman history, when Epictetus, a former slave who gained his freedom, established his philosophical school in Nicopolis, Greece, following his exile from Rome under Emperor Domitian's persecution of philosophers in 89 CE. The Discourses reflect the complex social and political dynamics of the early Roman Empire, where philosophical teachings often served as both spiritual guidance and political commentary. Arrian's meticulous recording of his master's oral teachings, composed between 108-115 CE, preserves the immediate, conversational style of Epictetus's instruction, offering readers an intimate glimpse into ancient philosophical pedagogy.
Throughout history, the Discourses have profoundly influenced religious and philosophical thought, inspiring figures from Marcus Aurelius to medieval Christian theologians. The text's emphasis on personal responsibility, emotional self-regulation, and the distinction between what is and isn't within our control has resonated across cultures and epochs. A particularly fascinating aspect of the work is its preservation of Epictetus's distinctive teaching method, which combined rigorous logical analysis with vivid analogies and sometimes biting humor to convey complex philosophical concepts.
The Discourses continue to captivate modern readers, finding renewed relevance in contemporary discussions of mental health, resilience, and personal development. Their influence extends beyond philosophy into cognitive behavioral therapy, leadership theory, and mindfulness practices. The lost four books remain one of classical scholarship's most intriguing mysteries, leaving scholars to wonder what additional insights into Stoic philosophy and Roman society they might have contained. The surviving text stands as a testament to the enduring power of practical wisdom to transcend time and culture, challenging each new generation to confront fundamental questions about human nature, happiness, and the art of living well.